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'While a moderate level of phosphate plays an essential role in living organisms, the rapidly increasing use of phosphates as a food additive has resulted in significantly higher levels in average daily diets. Phosphates are added to many food products to increase water retention and improve food texture.'

"In the 1990s, phosphorous-containing food additives contributed an estimated 470 mg per day to the average daily adult diet," he said. "However, phosphates are currently being added much more frequently to a large number of processed foods, including meats, cheeses, beverages, and bakery products. As a result, depending on individual food choices, phosphorous intake could be increased by as much as 1000 mg per day."

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Toxic Effects of Excessive Phosphorus Consumption

Digestive System

Excessive consumption of Phosphorus (dosages exceeding 1 gram per day) may cause Diarrhea.

Metabolism

A diet containing a Phosphorus:Calcium ratio of 2:1 may cause secondary Hyperparathyroidism.

Musculoskeletal System

Excessive Phosphorus may accelerate Parathormone production which may accelerate Bone loss.
Deposits of Calcium in the soft tissues of the body may occur as a result of excessive Phosphorus consumption.
Excessive consumption of Phosphorus (i.e. in excess of the 1:1 Calcium/Phosphorus ratio) may deplete Calcium and cause Osteoporosis.

Excessive Phosphorus may cause Periodontal Disease (by interfering with Calcium absorption and by decreasing the Calcium:Phosphorus ratio):

- Although non-excessive Phosphorus levels may help to prevent Periodontal Disease.

Forms of Phosphorus

Phosphorus is most commonly found within the body as Phosphate.

Calcium Phosphate (also known as: Apatite; Hydroxyapatite). 85% - 90% of the body's endogenous Phosphorus is combined with Calcium in this insoluble form. Its chemical structure is Ca(CPO4)2. Calcium Phosphate consists of 43.4% Phosphorus + 56.6% Calcium.
Iron Phosphate consists of Phosphorus + Iron.
Magnesium Phosphate is an insoluble form of Phosphorus that is eliminated in the feces.

Phosphoric Acid (also known as Phosphate) is an inorganic Mineral Acid form of Phosphorus.
Potassium Phosphate (KH2PO4) consists of Phosphorus + Potassium.

Sodium Phosphate (also known as Monosodium Phosphate) consists of Phosphorus + Sodium. This form of Phosphorus is often found in Phosphorus supplements.

Dosage Recommendations

Prevalence of Phosphorus Deficiency

Excessive dietary Phosphorus is more common than deficiency. Only 2% of the world's population is deficient in Phosphorus.

Human Body Content

The average human body contains a total of 650 grams of Phosphorus. This is equivalent to 0.8% - 1.2% of body weight.

Average Dietary Intake

The average western diet provides 800 - 1,500 mg of Phosphorus per day.

RDIs (Recommended Dietary Intakes)

Life Stage USA Australia/NZ
Infants 0 – 6 months: 100 mg 100 mg
Infants 7 – 12 months: 275 mg 275 mg
Children 1 – 3 years: 460 mg 460 mg
Children 4 – 8 years: 500 mg 500 mg
Girls/Boys 9 – 18 years: 1,250 mg 1,250 mg
Women + Men 19+ years: 700 mg 1,000 mg
Pregnant Women: 700 mg 1,000 mg
Lactating Women: 700 mg 1,000 mg
Therapeutic Dosages

Several clinical trials that have investigated the effects of supplemental Phosphorus have used a combination of 1,200 mg of Calcium Phosphate, 600 mg of Potassium Phosphate and 300 mg of Sodium Phosphate each day.
Some clinical trials that have investigated the effects of Phosphorus loading on Exercise capacity in athletes and hospitalized patients have involved the use of 3,000 - 4,000 mg of Sodium Phosphate per day or 6,000 - 12,000 mg of Calcium Phosphate per day.

Phosphorus Must be Correctly Balanced with these Minerals

The body’s Calcium:Phosphorus ratio should be 1:1.

Bioavailability

60% to 70% of dietary Phosphorus is absorbed by the mid-Jejunum:

- This percentage can vary according to the influence of the synergistic/antagonistic factors listed above.
- Parathormone (PTH) regulates the body's absorption of Phosphorus.

Excess Phosphorus is readily excreted from the body via the Urine.

Commercial Availability of Phosphorus Supplements

“Singular” Oral Phosphorus Products

The most common form of Phosphorus in supplements is Sodium Phosphate (dibasic) which is available from some health food stores and mail order supplement companies (especially in the USA).

Calcium Phosphate is available from some health food stores and mail order supplement companies in the form of:

- 530 mg capsules

Phosphoric Acid is available from some health food stores and internet-based suppliers in the form of:

- liquid containing the Orthophosphoric Acid form of Phosphoric Acid

Oral Formulas

Phosphorus is an ingredient in nutritional formulas, for example:

- tablets containing 109 mg Phosphorus combined with other vitamins and minerals
- powdered sports formulas containing 2,500 mg Potassium Phosphate + 1,500 mg Sodium Phosphate per 17 gram serve.

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